Experimental Investigation of Impinging Diesel Sprays for HCCI Combustion

............................................................................................................. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... II LIST OF PAPERS................................................................................................. III BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................1 THE GLOBAL ENERGY SITUATION ...........................................................................1 The transport sector’s energy demand..............................................................2 EMISSIONS FROM GROUND TRANSPORTATION ........................................................2 Green house gases ............................................................................................3 Particulate matter (PM)....................................................................................4 Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) .....................................................................................4 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ................................................................4 Carbon monoxide (CO).....................................................................................5 Sulphur Oxides (SOX)........................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................7 POWER PLANTS FOR GROUND TRANSPORTATION ....................................................7 ENGINE COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS FORMATION ................................................8 The SI engine.....................................................................................................8 The diesel engine.............................................................................................10 The HCCI engine ............................................................................................12 The HCCI combustion process........................................................................14 HCCI commercialized.....................................................................................16 Nissan MK-combustion ...................................................................................16 Honda AR Motorcycle Engine ........................................................................17 Toyota UNIBUS ..............................................................................................17 HCCI FUEL INJECTION CONCEPTS ..............................................................19 PORT INJECTED HCCI...........................................................................................19 GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTED HCCI.......................................................................19 DIRECT INJECTED DIESEL-HCCI ...........................................................................20 Early-injected diesel HCCI .............................................................................20 Impinging Sprays ............................................................................................22 Hollow-cone sprays ........................................................................................23 Standard diesel sprays ....................................................................................23 Late-injection diesel HCCI .............................................................................25 Comments........................................................................................................26 FUEL INJECTION AND SPRAYS ......................................................................27 SPRAY STRUCTURE AND BREAKUP........................................................................27 NOZZLE FLOW......................................................................................................29 SPRAY MACRO-SCALE CHARACTERISTICS.............................................................30